Client wireless device that merges functions of upper and lower mac layers to support wlan modules operating simultaneously in different wireless bands

ABSTRACT

A simultaneous client wireless device includes wireless modules configured to perform communication functions of a PHY (physical) layer for wireless radios operable in different bands. The simultaneous client wireless device also includes a communication module configured as an intermediate layer between the PHY layer of the wireless modules and a network layer. The communication module is configured to use an application programming interface to retrieve information from the PHY layer and write information to the PHY layer of the wireless modules, perform communication functions of upper MAC (media access control) and lower MAC layers for the wireless bands, and manage simultaneous communications over the wireless bands. The communications over the wireless bands can use a local area network protocol.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/369,677 entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTING A WIRELESSDEVICE THAT SUPPORTS WLAN MODULES OPERATING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN DIFFERENTWIRELESS BANDS”, which was filed on Dec. 5, 2016, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/109,887 entitled“SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTING A WIRELESS DEVICE THAT SUPPORTSWLAN MODULES OPERATING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN DIFFERENT WIRELESS BANDS”,which was filed on Dec. 17, 2013, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,516,540,and which claims the benefit of and/or the right of priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/890,713 entitled “SIMULTANEOUSUSAGE OF DIFFERENT WLAN MODULES,” which was filed on Oct. 14, 2013, thecontents of each which are incorporated by reference in their entiretyherein.

FIELD

The disclosed techniques relate to communications between wireless localarea network devices.

BACKGROUND

A wireless local area network (WLAN) client station, such as a cellphone, laptop, and tablet, communicate on a single wireless band at atime with an access point with which the client station is associated.In some instances, a laptop client may be equipped with one or more WLANradios which are designed to communicate in one of the multiplesupported bands, for example, in either the 2.4 GHz band or the 5 GHzband. The conventional client does not use more than one band at a time.Furthermore, the conventional laptop client typically, by default, usesthe same band when it subsequently tries to connect to the access point.

Wireless access points may be equipped with one or multiple radios andmay be active simultaneously in two or more bands. For example, someaccess points are active in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands simultaneously.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods for a wireless device that simultaneouslycommunicates with wireless radios in different bands or two or morewireless radios in the same band are described. When multiple channelsand/or bands are available for transmitting wireless traffic by thewireless device, certain factors may be considered for selectingchannels and bands to optimize performance of the wireless device, suchas the requirements of specific types of traffic to be transmitted, thedistance of the recipient of the traffic from the wireless device, thelevel of interference on the supported channels, the time cost ofchanging channels, and the received signal strength over the supportedchannels.

Additionally, there are hardware optimizations to be considered in thedesign of a wireless device that operates simultaneously over multiplebands or channels. Antenna design to minimize the form factor of thewireless device is important as well as filtering of operationalchannels and bands from each other to minimize interference andsaturation of receivers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of a wireless device that can communicate simultaneously overmultiple bands with other wireless devices are illustrated in thefigures. The examples and figures are illustrative rather than limiting.

FIG. 1A shows an example system where a wireless client communicatessimultaneously over multiple bands with other wireless devices.

FIG. 1B shows an example system where a wireless device is used as anaccess point, and the access point communicates simultaneously overmultiple bands with other wireless devices.

FIG. 2A shows a block diagram of an example wireless modulecommunicating simultaneously over two bands.

FIG. 2B shows a block diagram of an example wireless modulecommunicating simultaneously over three bands.

FIG. 2C shows a block diagram of two example wireless modulescommunicating simultaneously over two bands.

FIG. 2D shows a block diagram of two example wireless modulescommunicating simultaneously over three bands.

FIG. 2E shows a block diagram of an example wireless modulecommunicating simultaneously over two bands to multiple other wirelessdevices.

FIG. 2F shows a block diagram of an example wireless modulecommunicating simultaneously over two bands, and on two channels withineach of the two bands.

FIG. 2G shows a block diagram of an example wireless modulecommunicating simultaneously over two bands, where one of the radios isreconfigurable.

FIG. 2H shows a block diagram of an example wireless modulecommunicating simultaneously over three bands, where two of the radiosare reconfigurable.

FIG. 3A shows a block diagram depicting a PCIe bus connecting multipleWLAN modules to a host processor.

FIG. 3B shows a block diagram depicting an alternative exampleconnection between the host processor and multiple WLAN modules.

FIG. 3C shows a block diagram depicting yet another alternative exampleconnection between the host processor and multiple WLAN modules.

FIG. 4 shows an example of an architecture of a functional simultaneousclient processor.

FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of an example implementation model for asimultaneous client software/hardware module that sits on top of aconventional IEEE 802.11 MAC layer and manages the simultaneousconnections of three WLAN modules.

FIG. 5B shows a block diagram of another example implementation modelwhere the communication functions of the upper MAC layer of three bandsare merged and provided by the simultaneous client software/hardwaremodule that sits on top of the lower MAC layer and manages thesimultaneous connections of three WLAN modules.

FIG. 5C shows a block diagram of another example implementation modelwhere the communication functions of the upper MAC layer and the lowerMAC layer of the three bands are merged and provided by the simultaneousclient software module/hardware 532 that sits on top of the PHY layerand manages the simultaneous connections of three WLAN modules.

FIG. 5D shows a block diagram of another example implementation modelwhere the communication functions of the upper MAC layer, the lower MAClayer, and the PHY layer of all of the bands are merged and provided bythe simultaneous client software/hardware module that manages thesimultaneous connections of the three WLAN modules.

FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of an example front end for a simultaneousclient that operates over three different bands simultaneously.

FIG. 6B shows a block diagram of an example front end a simultaneousclient having three WLAN chipsets.

FIG. 7A shows a block diagram of antennas used with a cell phone.

FIG. 7B shows a block diagram of antennas used with a simultaneousclient.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of asimultaneous client ordering received packets for.

FIG. 9A is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of determiningwhich operating band to use based upon power saving requirements.

FIG. 9B a flow diagram illustrating a second example process ofdetermining which operating band to use based upon power savingrequirements.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of movingtraffic to a different band.

FIG. 11A is a flow diagram illustrating an example process ofdetermining communication capabilities of a wireless device.

FIG. 11B is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of managing aclient station when a simultaneous client is operated as an accesspoint.

FIG. 12A is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of selectingchannels/bands for distribution of traffic in a simultaneous client.

FIG. 12B is a flow diagram illustrating an example process ofdetermining whether to move to another channel or band, once achannel/band has been assigned to traffic by a simultaneous client.

FIG. 13 shows an example block diagram of a wireless devicecommunicating with a server that does not support multipath TCP via arelay server.

FIG. 14 shows an example block diagram of two wireless devicescommunicating via a relay server.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Conventional clients in a WLAN network communicate over a single channelin a single band with an access point or a peer in the network. Examplesof communication bands include, but are not limited to, the 2.4 GHz and5 GHz bands used by devices operating under IEEE 802.11 and WFA (Wi-Fialliance) protocols. However, conventional clients do not currentlycommunicate over more than one band to one or more other wirelessdevices in the network.

FIG. 1A shows an example system where client A 110 can communicatesimultaneously over multiple bands with an access point 120 and/or oneor more other client devices 130-1 . . . 130-N in a WLAN network. Forexample, client A 110 can communicate with the access point 120 withwhich it is associated using one or more channels in one or more bands,such as band 1, band 2, and/or band M. Alternatively, or in addition,client A 110 can simultaneously communicate with one or more peers inthe network, client 1 130-1 . . . client N 130-N using one or morechannels in one or more bands, such as band 1, band 2, and/or band M.While only three bands, band 1, band 2, and band M are shown, more thanthree bands can be used simultaneously by client A 110 to communicatewith the other wireless devices 120, 130-1 . . . 130-N. To communicatesimultaneously over multiple bands, in some embodiments, client A 110has a separate radio for each band or radio that can be operatedsimultaneously in one or more or all the bands. In some embodiments,client A 110 can have more than one radio in one or more bands.

FIG. 1B shows an example system where client B 150 is configured tooperate as an access point. Client B 150 can communicate simultaneouslywith other wireless devices client 1 130-1 . . . client N 130-N over oneor more bands, such as band 1, band 2, and/or band M, and using one ormore channels in one or more of the bands. Again, while only threebands, band 1, band 2, and band M are shown, more than three bands canbe used simultaneously by client B 150 to communicate with the otherwireless devices 130-1 . . . 130-N. To communicate simultaneously overmultiple bands, in some embodiments, client B 150 has a separate radiofor each band, and in some embodiments, client B 150 can have more thanone radio in one or more bands.

One reason for enabling simultaneous communication over multiple bandsis to provide a more robust connection between wireless devices. Thereliability of communications over wireless channels depends stronglyupon the physical environment in which the communication is occurring,and the physical environment and, thus, the characteristics of wirelesschannels are continuously changing. Moreover, there is no reservation orspectrum assignment for devices in the industrial, scientific, andmedical (ISM) bands used for wireless communication; transmitters areonly required to follow the Federal Communications Commission's rulesregarding maximum power and other emission requirements. Thus,interference may arise from one or more other transmitters operating ina same band as the wireless device. For example, if a client isconnected to a home access point, and a microwave oven in the home isturned on, a connection to the access point over the 2.4 GHz band maydeteriorate due to interference because the microwave oven has emissionsin the 2.4 GHz band. Similarly, baby monitors also operate on the 2.4GHz band so if a baby monitor is close to a cell phone or an accesspoint, the connection is also likely to deteriorate. Bluetooth devicesare another class of wireless devices that may be active in the 2.4 GHzband. Moreover, undesired noise may be emitted in the ISM bands fromother devices in the home.

A conventional cell phone has hardware installed that allows it toconnect to an access point over the 2.4 GHz band or the 5 GHz band, butnot both simultaneously. Further, once the conventional cell phone hasmade a connection on one of the bands, for example, the 2.4 GHz band, itmay not switch to the 5 GHz band because the software may not besufficiently sophisticated to identify that there is a problem on the2.4 GHz band and switch over to the 5 GHz band. Even if the cell phoneis sufficiently intelligent to switch bands when needed, there may be atransition time between the bands during which the cell phone may not beable to transmit and receive data. However, if a WLAN client such as acell phone is connected simultaneously on both the 2.4 GHz band and the5 GHz band, or other bands as described herein, and interference arisesfrom, for example, a baby monitor operating in the 2.4 GHz band in thevicinity of the access point, the cell phone can rely uponcommunications over a channel in the 5 GHz band, rather than maintaininga noisy connection in the 2.4 GHz band or, perhaps, losing theconnection altogether if the connection relies solely on a 2.4 GHzchannel

Additionally, even if there is no interference on either the 2.4 GHz or5 GHz bands, by using two connections simultaneously rather than asingle connection, the data throughput increases and the round trip time(RTT) may decrease.

Further, an improvement in the communication range of a client thatoperates simultaneously over different bands can be achieved. Forexample, with a client that communicates simultaneously over the 2.4 GHzband and the 5 GHz band, on the 5 GHz band, there is more bandwidthavailable than on the 2.4 GHz band, but the range of transmissions atthe 5 GHz band is shorter. So if the client also transmitssimultaneously using the 2.4 GHz band, there is an improved rangeperformance because of the greater range available with transmissions inthe 2.4 GHz band.

Yet further, communicating simultaneously over multiple bands providesmore robustness to wireless communications because packets can bere-transmitted on a different band when a radio operating in a firstband is not capable of delivering packets to the intended recipient. Forexample, if a cell phone has a 5 GHz connection to an access point, asthe user of the cell phone moves farther away from the access point, the5 GHz connection may use lower transmission rates, or it may disconnectdue to path loss and drop its wireless signal. But if there is asimultaneous 2.4 GHz connection, the cell phone may rely on the 2.4 GHzconnection, which has a greater range, and the user will experience anyinterruption in service.

While communications over the 2.4 GHz band, for example, using one ofthe IEEE 802.11 n/b/g protocols and communications over the 5 GHz band,for example, using one of the IEEE 802.11ac/n/a protocols have beenmentioned above, other bands can also be used for communication insteadof, or in addition to, these bands. These other bands include, forexample, the 60 GHz band that follows IEEE 802.11ad protocol, televisionwhite spaces (TVWS) having operating frequencies in the very highfrequency (VHS)/ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands (i.e., IEEE 802.11af orothers), (e.g., 470 MHz-790 MHz in Europe and 54 MHz-698 MHz in theUnited States), and the sub-1 GHz ISM bands, using the IEEE 802.11ahprotocol, whose exact ranges may by country-dependent.

In some embodiments, WLAN modules may have multiple radios that areactive simultaneously in a particular band, and/or some WLAN modules mayhave multiple radios active simultaneously in different bands. The WLANmodule may also include a radio which can be simultaneously active inmore than one channel in one band and/or more than one band. Examples ofclients that these WLAN modules may be used with include desktopcomputers, laptops, tablets, netbooks, work stations, cellular devices,televisions, entertainment centers, satellite communication devices, andother forms of computing devices.

FIGS. 2A-2E describe example implementations for client A 110 or clientB 150. FIG. 2A shows a block diagram of an example dual-band wirelessmodule 210, using radio 211 to communicate over band A and radio 212 tocommunicate over band B. FIG. 2A shows that the wireless module 210communicates on channel X in band A 211 a and also on channel Y in bandB 212 a simultaneously, where band A 211 a and band B 212 a coverdifferent frequency ranges. The WLAN module 210 can be used as an accesspoint or a soft access point. When the WLAN module acts as a soft accesspoint, the WLAN module has dual roles; the WLAN module is a clientstation with respect to another access point, and also performs the roleof an access point for another wireless device. In some embodiments, thewireless module described throughout this description can be implementedas one or more chipsets. A wireless module that communicatessimultaneously over two or more bands is called a simultaneous client orconcurrent client.

FIG. 2B shows a block diagram of an example tri-band wireless module orsimultaneous client 220 that communicates simultaneously over threedifferent bands, using radio 221 to communicate over band A, radio 222to communicate over band B, and radio 223 to communicate over band C.FIG. 2B shows that simultaneous client 220 communicates simultaneouslyon channel X in band A 221 a, on channel Y in band B 222 a, and onchannel Z in band C 223 a, where band A 221 a, band B 222 a, and band C223 a cover different frequency ranges. The functionality of radios 221,222, and 223 may be combined into one radio to support multiple channelsin multiple bands.

FIG. 2C shows a block diagram of example communications between twodual-band simultaneous clients 230, 235. Simultaneous client 230 usesradio 231 to communicate over band A and radio 232 to communicate overband B, while simultaneous client 235 uses radio 236 to communicate overband A and radio 237 to communicate over band B. In the example of FIG.2C, simultaneous client 230 uses radio 231 to communicate over band Awith radio 236 of simultaneous client 235, and radio 232 to communicateover band B with radio 237 of simultaneous client 235. Communicationover the two bands, band A and band B, between clients 230, 235 canoccur at the same time. In some embodiments, one of the simultaneousclients can be a multi-band router.

FIG. 2D shows a block diagram of example communications between twotri-band simultaneous clients 240, 250. Simultaneous client 240 usesradio 241 to communicate over band A, radio 242 to communicate over bandB, and radio 243 to communicate over band C. Simultaneous client 250uses radio 251 to communicate over band A, radio 252 to communicate overband B, and radio 253 to communicate over band C. In the example of FIG.2D, simultaneous client 240 uses radio 241 to communicate over band Awith radio 251 of simultaneous client 250, radio 242 to communicate overband B with radio 252 of simultaneous client 250, and radio 243 tocommunicate over band C with radio 253 of simultaneous client 250.Communication over the three bands, band A, band B, and band C, betweenclients 240, 250 can occur at the same time.

FIG. 2E shows a block diagram of an example simultaneous client 260communicating simultaneously over two bands to multiple other wirelessdevices 265, 270, 275, 280, 290, and 295. Simultaneous client 260 usesradio 261 to communicate over band A and radio 262 to communicate overband B. Simultaneous client 275 having radio 276 for communicating overband A and radio 277 for communicating over band B can communicate withsimultaneous client 260 over bands A and B at the same time, asdiscussed for the example shown in FIG. 2C. Clients 265, 270, 280, 290,295 are not simultaneous clients. Clients 265, 270, and 280 each have arespective radio 266, 271, and 281 used to communicate over band A, andclients 290, 295 each have a respective radio 291, 292 used tocommunicate over band B. Simultaneous client 260 can communicate withconventional non-simultaneous clients 265, 270, 280, 290, 295 while alsocommunicating with simultaneous client 275. To communicate with multiplewireless devices 265, 270, 275, 280, 290, and 295 at the same time, thesimultaneous client 260 can multiplex packet exchanges in time and/orfrequency.

FIG. 2F shows a block diagram of an example simultaneous client 201communicating simultaneously over multiple channels in each of twobands. In particular, simultaneous client 201 uses radios 201 a, 201 bto communicate on channel X in band A 201 e and on channel Y in band A201 f, respectively, and uses radios 201 c, 201 d to communicate onchannel Win band B 201 g and on channel Z in band B 201 h, respectively.

FIG. 2G shows a block diagram of another example simultaneous client 203communicating simultaneously over two bands. In particular, simultaneousclient 203 uses radio 203 a to communicate on channel X in band A 203 d,and uses radio 203 c to communicate on channel Z in band B 203 f. Radio203 b is reconfigurable to operate at any frequency in the bands ofoperation, band A and band B. Thus, radio 203 b can be reconfigured tocommunicate on channel Y 203 e over either band A or band B.

FIG. 2H shows a block diagram of an example simultaneous client 205communicating simultaneously over three bands. In particular,simultaneous client 205 uses radio 205 a to communicate on channel X inband A 205 e, and uses radio 205 d to communicate on channel Z in band C205 h. Radio 205 b is reconfigurable to communicate on channel Y overeither band A or band B 205 f, and radio 205 c is reconfigurable tocommunicate on channel W over either band B or band C 205 g.

Any of the different configurations for the WLAN module, such as shownin FIGS. 2A-2G, can be used as an access point.

A simultaneous client may operate in a multiple input and multipleoutput (MIMO) mode in the two or more bands over which it iscommunicating. For example, the simultaneous client can operate in a N×NMIMO mode, where N is an integer, and up to N independent data streamscan be transmitted at the same time, and up to N independent datastreams can be received at the same time. Thus, for an N×N wirelessmodule, the module can use N or more antennas to transmit each datastream, and N or more antennas to receive each data stream. If anantenna is multi-band, the same antenna may be used for multiple bands.If antennas are single band, different antennas may be used fordifferent bands, Details pertaining to multi-band antennas are discussedfurther below.

A simultaneous client may also use different bandwidths for the bandsselected for operation, such as 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHZ, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 1MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 6 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz.

In some embodiments, a WLAN module can be designed as a client module,soft access point, repeater, or to use the Wi-Fi Direct standard, atunneled direct link setup (TDLS), or to operate in any other IEEE802.11 or Wi-Fi mode. In some embodiments, the WLAN module can be usedan access point.

Connections to the WLAN Modules

A simultaneous client module can be used as an internal device within aclient device, such as a laptop or cellular phone. Alternatively, thesimultaneous client module can be used as an external device that isdesigned to attach to one of the ports of the client device, such as viaa USB (universal serial bus) dongle or an Ethernet dongle. With theexample connections to the WLAN modules shown in FIGS. 3A-3C, the WLANmodules can be used as either an internal or external device.

Many laptops use a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) or peripheralcomponent interconnect express (PCIe) local computer bus for connectingdevices to the laptop host processor. FIG. 3A is a block diagramdepicting an example connection between multiple WLAN modules 314, 316,318 and the host processor 312 of the client device via a PCIe or PCIbus 310. The PCI or PCIe bus 310 is shared by other PCI/PCIe devices 319connected to the host processor 312. Alternatively, the bus 310 can beany other type of bus, such as USB, high speed inter-chip (HSIC), serialATA (advanced technology attachment), Ethernet, SPI/I²C (serialperipheral interface/inter-integrated circuit), and FireWire. Althoughnot shown explicitly in FIG. 3A, the functions of a simultaneous clientprocessor can be a dedicated processor connected to the PCI/PCIe bus310. In some embodiments, the functions performed by the simultaneousclient processor can be distributed in any fashion among a dedicatedsimultaneous client processor, processors in the WLAN modules 314, 316,318, and the host processor 312.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram depicting an alternative example connectionbetween the host processor 325 and the multiple WLAN modules 324, 326,328 used to communicate at multiple convenient bands, for example, bandA 328 a and band B 324 a, 326 a. There is one data bus 320 that connectsa host processor 325 to the M-module that includes the WLAN modules 324,326, 328 and the simultaneous client processor 323. The data bus 320 canbe any type of data bus, such as PCIe, HSIC, USB Ethernet, or USB.Within the M-module there is an interconnect 322 that connects thedifferent WLAN modules 324, 326, 328 and the simultaneous clientprocessor 323. Although the simultaneous client processor 323 is shownas a single processor in the example of FIG. 3B, the simultaneous clientprocessor functions can be distributed in any fashion among the variousWLAN modules 324, 326, 328, the simultaneous client processor 323, andthe host processor 325.

FIG. 3C is a block diagram depicting an alternative example connectionbetween the host processor 335 and the multiple WLAN modules 334, 336,338 used to communicate at multiple convenient bands, for example, bandA 338 a and band B 334 a, 336 a. Similar to the example connectiondepicted in FIG. 3B, there is one data bus 330 that connects a hostprocessor 335 to a simultaneous client processor 332 inside theM-module. The data bus 330 can be any type of data bus, such as PCIe,Ethernet, or USB. Within the M-module, the simultaneous client processor332 is directly connected to and communicates with the different WLANmodules 324, 326, 328. The host processor 335 and the WLAN modules 334,336, 338 share part of a memory, such as a random access memory, wherecontrol and data packets can be exchanged.

Although the simultaneous client processor 332 is shown as a singleprocessor in the example of FIG. 3C, the simultaneous client processorfunctions can be distributed in any fashion among the various WLANmodules 334, 336, 338, the simultaneous client processor 332, and thehost processor 335. The simultaneous client processor 332 and WLANmodules 334, 336, 338 can be situated on a printed circuit board (PCB)that is used in a laptop or cell phone, or they could be integrated in achipset. For the case of an external device, the simultaneous clientprocessor 332 and WLAN modules 334, 336, 338 can be placed inside aphysical box that houses a USB or Ethernet dongle.

Simultaneous Client Processor

FIG. 4 is an example of an architecture of a functional simultaneousclient processor 405 configured, for example, to distribute or multiplexpackets between different bands on the transmitter side, andde-multiplex and re-order the packets, as needed, on the receiver side.In the example of FIG. 4, the functional simultaneous client processor405 includes a packet ordering module 412, an interface module 424, amultipath TCP module 420, a load balancing module 422, a reconfigurationmodule 416, a hardware control module 418, a power control module 410, alayer 2 aggregation/control module 426, and/or a memory 490.

The modules of the functional processor used for operating asimultaneous client can run on one or more processors in individual WLANmodules, on a dedicated simultaneous client processor, or on the hostprocessor. In some embodiments, the modules of the functional processor,or even sub-portions of the modules of the functional processor can bedistributed among the host processor, a dedicated simultaneous clientprocessor, and/or any of the one or more processors in individual WLANmodules.

The functional processor 405 and all of the elements included within thefunctional processor 405 are implemented by using programmable circuitryprogrammed by software and/or firmware, or by using special-purposehardwired circuitry, or by using a combination of such embodiments.Additional or fewer elements can be included in the functional processor405 and each illustrated component. As used herein, a “module” of thefunctional processor 405 includes a general purpose, dedicated or sharedprocessor and, typically, firmware or software modules that are executedby the functional processor 405. Some parts of the functionalities maybe integrated in hardware as well. Depending uponimplementation-specific or other considerations, the module can becentralized or its functionality distributed. The module can includegeneral or special purpose hardware, firmware, or software embodied in acomputer-readable (storage) medium for execution by the functionalsimultaneous client processor 405.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include the packetordering module 412 which reads header information in received packetsand orders them appropriately. If packets are not ordered appropriatelywhen received, packets transmitted over different bands may arrive in adifferent order from which they were transmitted. For example, ifpackets 1, 3, and 5 are sent over band A to the simultaneous client, andpackets 2 and 4 are sent over band B, packet 4 may arrive before packet3, thus resulting in a mis-ordered sequence of packets becausetransmission times for packets over different bands may not be the same.When the simultaneous client is communicating over more than one channelor band at a time with another wireless device, packets can be receivedon any of the channels from the other device, depending upon the methodthat the transmitter is using to send the packets.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of asimultaneous client ordering received packets for re-transmission. Atblock 805, the packet ordering module 412 receives the transmittedpackets and buffers the packets at block 807. Then at block 810, thepacket ordering module 412 reads the header information in the packetsto determine a sequence number of the received packets. Next, at block815, based upon the determined sequence numbers, the packet orderingmodule 412 orders the packets appropriately. Subsequently, at block 820,the packet ordering module 412 passes the appropriately ordered packetsto internet protocol (IP) in layer 3 of the OSI (Open SystemsInterconnection) model of computer networking or equivalent layer(s) inother implementations. In other words, whichever layer is implementingthe packet ordering, the order packets are passed to the next layerabove it. In some embodiments, when packets are transmitted by asimultaneous client, sequencing information may be inserted in theheader of transmitted packets so that the recipient of the packets canused the sequencing information to appropriately order the receivedpackets. In some embodiments, the ordering may be performed in the TCP(transmission control protocol) or the application layer.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include an interfacemodule 424 that determines whether a wireless device to which thesimultaneous client is communicating is capable of operating as asimultaneous client. For example, if the simultaneous client associateswith an access point, and the access point is a legacy access point, theaccess point does not know that the simultaneous client is communicatingover multiple bands, and thus, may not appropriately order receivedpackets, resulting in communication problems. In such scenarios, thefunctional processor 405 may rely on the ordering capability of aserver, or the functional processor 405 may use the multiplecommunication links over different channels and/or bands in a way thatordering is not required. For example, the functional processor 405 canuse each link for a different application, and the functional processor405 may run separate instances of TCP/IP (internet protocol) for eachradio link in some applications.

FIG. 11A is a flow diagram illustrating an example process ofdetermining communication capabilities of a wireless device. At block1105, the interface module 424 initiates an association process with anaccess point or a peer to which the simultaneous client wishes tocommunicate. Conventionally, an access point periodically transmitsbeacons that provide information as to the capabilities of the accesspoint, such as supported data rates, supported modes, and country ofoperation. When communication over multiple bands becomes supported bythe access point, additional information may be included in the beaconsthat specify the bands and/or channels supported by the access point andother information pertaining to simultaneous communication over multiplebands or multiple channels within a band. Similarly, when thesimultaneous client wishes to communicate with a peer, an associationprocess can take place between the peers where capabilities pertainingto simultaneous communication over multiple bands are exchanged. Thus,at block 1110, the simultaneous client transmits information about itsown multiple band communication capabilities, and at block 1115, thesimultaneous client receives information about the access point orpeer's communication capabilities, including which bands and/or channelsare supported and the respective data rates for those bands andchannels.

Then at decision block 1120, the interface module 424 determines fromthe received information whether the other wireless device hasmulti-band communication capabilities. If the other wireless device doessupport communication over multiple bands simultaneously (block1120—Yes), at block 1130, the interface module 424 provides theinformation to the load balancing module 422, and the simultaneousclient communicates with the other device using the supported modes,data rates and bands. In some embodiments, the interface module 424selects the bands and channels for communicating with the access pointor peer. In some embodiments, the interface module 424 receives thebands and channels selected for communication by the access point orpeer.

If the other wireless device does not support communication overmultiple bands simultaneously (block 1120—No), there are two options. Atblock 1125, the interface module 424 can provide the information to theload balancing module 422, and the simultaneous client communicates overthe single band supported by the other device. Alternatively, oradditionally, the interface module 424 can provide the information tothe multipath TCP module 420, and at block 1127, the simultaneous clientcan communicate over multiple bands to the other device using multipathTCP. Alternatively or in addition, the multipath TCP connection may bewith a server in a home or in the cloud that supports multipath TCP. Forexample, a file may be uploaded or downloaded using a multipath TCPconnection to a file server which supports multipath TCP. In someembodiments, a server that supports multipath TCP may be used as anintermediate relay device, which, in turn, transmits the ordered packetsto other servers that do not support multipath TCP.

Further, the interface module 424 can manage the use of channels by thesimultaneous client with respect to other wireless devices. For example,if the simultaneous client is operated as a soft access point,peer-to-peer device, or WiFi direct device, and a client station wantsto connect or associate with the simultaneous communication supportingdevice, the interface module 424 can determine the communicationcapabilities of the client station and then send information to theclient station to ensure that the client station is using theappropriate communication channel(s). In one scenario, if the clientstation is not capable of communicating as a simultaneous client, theinterface module 424 should transmit information about the channel to beused. And if the quality of that channel deteriorates due tointerference or other problems, the interface module 424 should informthe client station that the communications will be moved to a differentchannel and/or a different band.

FIG. 11B is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of managing aclient station when the simultaneous client is operated as an accesspoint. At block 1140, the access point determines the capabilities ofthe client attempting to associate during the association process.

Then at decision block 1145, the interface module 424 of the accesspoint determines whether the client is capable of operating as asimultaneous client. If the client is able to operate as a simultaneousclient (block 1145—Yes), at block 1150, the access point communicatesusing the data rates and bands supported by the client and additionalinformation, such as the type of link aggregation supported by theaccess point, how load balancing may be performed, and the type oftraffic or packets that should be transmitted on each channel. If theclient is not able to operate as a simultaneous client (block 1145—No),at block 1155, the access point transmits information to the clientregarding the appropriate channel to use that is supported by theclient.

At decision block 1160, the access point determines whether there is aproblem with the communication channel. If there are no problems (block1160—No), the process remains at decision block 1160. If there areproblems (block 1160—Yes), the access point attempts to transmitinformation to the client to move to a different channel.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include the multipathTCP module 420 which modifies conventional TCP (transmission controlprotocol) so that a standard TCP interface is presented to applications,while the data is spread across several subflows. Multipath TCP is atechnique that aggregates throughput over several wireless or wiredconnections via TCP layer link aggregation. Advantages of usingmultipath TCP include decreasing download time, decreasing round triptime, and increasing link resilience by improving the loss rate.

Layer 2 link aggregation can also be performed to aggregate throughputover multiple wireless connections, as discussed below, eitheralternatively, or in addition to multipath TCP. Upper layer linkaggregation may also performed, for example, using BitTorrent-typeapplications, multi-server HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol),peer-to-peer aggregation methods, server-based aggregation methods, orother methods that may be used at the application layer.

Conventional multipath TCP aggregates the use of two different wirelesstransmission methods, namely, a WLAN link and a cellular link, between aserver and a wireless device. In contrast, described herein is the useof multipath TCP over two links of the same type, for example, two WLANlinks between two wireless devices. For example, a home access point orhome gateway can use multipath TCP to aggregate a link, or two peerclients may use multipath TCP and communicate with each other using softaccess point mode, wifi-direct, peer-to-peer, or other some other mode.

As a specific example, FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of multipath TCPconnections created between two cellular phones. The two phones, such asiPhones, 1405, 1470 may communicate using an application, such asFaceTime, where both voice and video are transmitted between the twophones 1405, 1407. One of the phones 1405 can identify the location ofthe other phone 1407 and start sending voice and video traffic directlyvia multipath TCP 1406 without the use of an intermediate server.However, in some situations, the phones 1405, 1407 may not be able tocommunicate directly because of the use of filters and blockers in thenetwork. Thus, in this situation, to communicate with each other, thephones 1405, 1407 can use a relay server 1410. Then a first multipathTCP connection 1412 is created between the first phone 1405 and therelay server 1410, and a second multipath TCP connection 1414 is createdbetween the relay server 1410 and the second phone 1407. The use ofmultipath TCP connections 1406, 1412, 1414 between communicatingwireless devices 1450, 1407 creates better quality connections betweenthe devices 1405, 1407.

While the example of wireless phones 1405, 1407 was used in the exampleof FIG. 14, the concept is equally applicable to other wireless devices,such as gaming devices that have a low latency requirement. For example,if a first game console, such as an Xbox, streams gaming data to asecond game console, the game consoles can communicate directly witheach other using multipath TCP, or alternatively, they can communicatewith a relay server via multipath TCP. In this case, using multipath TCPcan help minimize round trip delays in transmissions between the gamingconsoles.

Additionally, a multipath TCP connection can be used between onewireless device and a relay server, where the relay server is used toforward data to a server that does not support multipath TCP. Forexample, as shown in the example scenario in FIG. 13, if a wirelessclient 1305 wants to connect to a file server 1310 to request a filetransfer, and the file server 1310 is not capable of performingmultipath TCP, a multipath TCP connection 1320 can be created betweenthe wireless client 1305 and a home access point or a second server 1315that is capable of supporting multipath TCP. Then the home access pointor the second server 1315 acts as a relay and orders the packetsreceived over multipath TCP 1320 before sending the ordered packets downto the next lower layer for transmission to the file server 1310.

When the multipath TCP module 420 initiates a multipath TCP connectionwith another wireless device by sending a SYN packet, a first flow isestablished. Each end host is then aware of the other peer's internetprotocol (IP) address. When the simultaneous client has anotherinterface available, such as a second WLAN channel, the multipath TCPmodule 420 notifies the other wireless device of its additional IPaddress with an Add Address option over the previously establishedsubflow and sends another SYN packet to initiate another connection,along with a JOIN option to the other wireless device's known IPaddress. With the JOIN option with multipath TCP, the second subflowwill be associated with the previously established multipath TCPconnection over the WLAN. Because the multipath TCP technique canleverage the TCP handshake, it can bootstrap subflows rapidly, fasterthan application layer aggregation. In addition, multipath TCP works forall existing TCP applications.

Because many WLAN clients are behind Network Address Translations(NATs), when the simultaneous client has an additional interface, it isdifficult for another device to directly communicate with thesimultaneous client directly as the NATs typically filter outunidentified packets. The simultaneous client can send an Add Addressoption on the established subflow to notify the other wireless device ofits additional interface. Then as soon as the wireless device receivesthe Add Address option, it sends out another SYN packet with JOIN optionto the simultaneous client's newly notified IP address, along with theexchanged hash key for the new multipath TCP connection to initiate anew subflow.

Each multipath subflow behaves like a legacy TCP flow except for thecongestion control algorithms. With multipath subflow, after thethree-way handshake is used to establish connections, each subflowmaintains its own congestion window and retransmission scheme duringdata transfer. The congestion control window begins with a slow-startphase that doubles the window per round trip time before entering thecongestion avoidance phase.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include the loadbalancing module 422 that determines how to distribute data packets overthe available bands when multiple bands are used by the simultaneousclient for communication with one or more wireless devices. The loadbalancing module 422 may choose which packet is transmitted on whichband in a dynamic packet to a packet base, static base, or semi-staticbase.

The simplest scenario is simply to use one radio operating at onechannel or band, and if there is interference or other problems, toswitch to a second radio operating at a different channel or band,although, this does method does not take advantage of simultaneousoperation over multiple bands.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of movingtraffic to a different band. At decision block 1005, the load balancingmodule 422 determines whether there is a failure or problem with theradio or link being used. If there is no failure or problem (block1005—No), the process remains at decision block 1005. If there is afailure or problem detected, at block 1010, the load balancing module422 re-directs packets originally intended to be sent over theproblematic link to a different radio. The process then returns todecision block 1005.

In some embodiments, WLAN priority assignments can be used as a guide toselecting bands of operation. For example, voice traffic is assigned thehighest priority, video traffic is assigned the next highest priority,best effort traffic is assigned the next highest priority, andbackground traffic is assigned the lowest priority. For the highestpriority traffic, the load balancing module 422 can select the best bandat the time for transmitting the traffic, where the best band has thelowest amount of interference. The load balancing module 422 can trackand maintain in a memory 490 statistics on the level of noise orinterference on each channel in which a wireless module is operating.

In some instances, a certain percentage of available channels and/orbands can be reserved for each priority class of traffic, and thechannels can be ranked based upon the most recent throughput data.

In some embodiments, the load balancing module 422 can maintaindedicated channels in certain bands for certain types of traffic. Thus,for example, voice traffic can be assigned to a first channel and band,video traffic can be assigned to a second channel and band, best efforttraffic can be assigned to a third channel and band, and backgroundtraffic can be assigned to a fourth channel and band. However, basedupon operating conditions, traffic can be shifted to other channelsand/or bands. For instance, if there is no voice traffic, and there is ahigh amount of video traffic, the load balancing module 422 can sendsome of the video traffic over the first channel and band previouslyreserved for voice traffic. Or the load balancing module 422 can sendsome of the video traffic over the fourth channel and band previouslyreserved for background traffic, and the background traffic can bedelayed until a later time.

The load balancing module 422 can base band selection on specificrequirements for a certain traffic type. For example, if a 10 Mbit/sconnection needs to be maintained for video traffic, and the recipientis close to the simultaneous client, a 5 GHz band may be selected. Ifthe recipient moves farther away, one solution is to move to the 2.4 GHzband because it has a larger range. Another solution is to use bothbands, so if the 5 GHz band can maintain a transmission throughput of 2Mbit/s, then the other 8 Mbit/s can be shifted to the 2.4 GHz band.

For some applications, such as gaming or voice over IP (internetprotocol), the delay and delay variation requirements are important forthe load balancing module 422 to consider. To ensure that delay isminimized, the load balancing module 422 may choose to send multiplecopies of the same packet over different bands, and the recipient cancombine the packets from the different bands to recover the sequence ofpackets with a minimum of delay. That is, the best and earliest packetreceived over the different bands for each of the packets in a sequencecan be selected when ordering the sequence of packets. The loadbalancing module 422 can also attempt to minimize the number of retriesfor transmitted packets. For each packet that is transmitted by thesimultaneous client, the client expects to receive an acknowledgment forthat packet. However, if no acknowledgment is received, the packet willbe re-transmitted until a maximum number of retries is reached,typically up to six retries are performed. But for delay-sensitiveapplications, the maximum number of retries may be limited to one ortwo.

Techniques such as channel coding across channels and bands may also beimplemented by the load balancing module 422 to minimize the number ofretries. With channel coding, data can be encoded, and differentportions of the encoded data can be sent over two or more channels, forexample, a first portion of the encoded data can be sent over a firstchannel and another portion of the encoded data can be sent over asecond channel, where the first and second channels can be in the sameor different bands. Then at the receiver, a channel decoder is used tocombine the information received over the two or more channels. By usingchannel coding and transmitting different portions of the encoded datavia different channels, there is a higher likelihood that thetransmitted data can be recovered at the receiver than if the data weresent uncoded via a single channel.

In some instances, because the quality of the wireless channels iscontinuously changing due to environmental changes, even if there areinitially dedicated channels assigned to certain types of traffic,traffic sent over the channels may be shifted when interference ariseson one or more of the channels. For example, if the channel dedicated tovoice traffic suddenly experiences more path loss, smaller rank, or morenoise, the best channel and band dedicated to best effort traffic may betaken over for voice traffic, and the best effort traffic may be shiftedto the channel and band previously reserved for the lower prioritybackground traffic.

In some embodiments, channels and bands may be selected by the loadbalancing module 422 based upon rate versus range data. In someinstances, the load balancing module 422 can use all or a subset of itswireless modules to achieve the best overall rate versus range. If thesimultaneous client is communicating with more than one wireless device,it may decide to select channels and bands for communication based onthe RSSI (received signal strength indicator) and the matrix rank forMIMO devices of each wireless device in each band that is supported. Inaddition, the RSSI and the quality of service (QoS) requirement of thepackets to be transmitted can be used as criteria for selecting bands ofoperation.

Power consumption considerations may also be taken into account forchoosing the channel or channels that are to be used for transmittingdata. Power consumption in an idle state is important forbattery-operated devices, and thus, the load balancing module 422 mayapply methods to minimize the power consumption of a device which is ina low-power state. For example, the control packets or regularkeep-alive packets may be transmitted on a band that requires the leastpower consumption to have the minimum idle power consumption, such as2.4 GHz or sub-1 GHz bands. But when the device is not in a low-powermode and is transmitting more data, the load balancing module 422 mayswitch the traffic to a band that has more bandwidth and provides afaster way to perform data exchange, such as the 5 GHz band.

When traffic is moved from one channel to another channel, there is atime cost associated with the channel change. On the recipient's side,many packets may already be buffered, so for example, if the band ischanged from the 2.4 GHz band to the 5 GHz band, then the buffer may beflushed, and previously transmitted and buffered data would need to bere-transmitted. Thus, the load balancing module 422 should firstdetermine that there is a minimum margin of improvement before movingfrom one channel or band to another.

In some embodiments, the load balancing module 422 can decide whichchannels and bands to use based upon the link conditions (e.g., pathloss) for the link on which the packet is being transmitted. Forexample, if the intended recipient of packets has a good RSSI, the 5 GHzband may be more suitable than the 2.4 GHz band, independent of the typeof traffic. Thus, if there is a concurrent or reconfigurable radio thatcan operate at either 5 GHz or 2.4 GHz or both, the load balancingmodule 422 can direct the radio to operate at a channel in the 5 GHzband.

In some embodiments, the load balancing module 422 can make asocket-based band selection. A network socket is an endpoint of aninter-process communication flow across a computer network, and a socketaddress is the combination of an IP address and a port number. Socketdifferentiation may be performed for different types of sockets, such asdatagram sockets for UDP, connection-oriented sockets for TCP and SCTP(stream control transmission protocol), and raw sockets. Then for eachsocket that is created, the load balancing module 422 can select whichchannel to use and which stack to use to create that network socket. Thedecision as to which band is to be used for a socket may be based on therequirements for that socket. For example, during a web browsingsession, a TCP socket may be created using HTTP (Hypertext TransferProtocol) to retrieve data from a server. The web browser may thencreate a connection to a Google website using the TCP/IP stack on the2.4 GHz band selected by the load balancing module 422 and then create aconnection to the YouTube website to retrieve a video using a TCP/IPstack on the 5 GHz band selected by the load balancing module 422.

Some embodiments of the load balancing module 422 may extend to wirelessnetwork link aggregation control protocols for Ethernet as defined inIEEE 802.1ax, IEEE 802.3ad, or other aggregation mechanisms. Forexample, some standard and proprietary protocols that can be extendedinclude port trunking, link bundling, Ethernet bonding, network bonding,NIC (network interface controller) bonding, and NIC teaming. Linkaggregation techniques may be used when both wireless devices thatdesire to communicate support simultaneous client functionality. Theseprotocols can also be extended to include the following scenarios: whena simultaneous client can associate with another wireless device, butnot vice versa; when a simultaneous client loses a connection in themiddle of a stream of traffic; when the quality of the connection isvery poor on one side; when a simultaneous client places packets withhigher priority on the side that has a better channel condition.

FIG. 12A is a flow diagram illustrating an example process of selectingchannels/bands for distribution of traffic in a simultaneous client. Atdecision block 1250, the load balancing module 422 determines whetherthere is traffic to be distributed for transmission. If there is notraffic (block 1250—No), the process remains at decision block 1250.

If there is traffic to be distributed (block 1250—Yes), at block 1255,the load balancing module 422 selects the channels/bands fordistribution based at least on some distribution criteria. Some of thedistribution criteria that the load balancing module 422 considers inselecting channels/bands for traffic and determining whether to movetraffic to a different channel/band include, but is not limited to, thepriority of the traffic; the requirements of each type of traffic, suchas throughput, delay, delay variation, maximum number of retries, andQoS; the path loss, channel rank, or distance of the recipient from thesimultaneous client; the level of interference on the channels; the timecost of changing channels; and the RSSI of the current channel.

Then at block 1260, the load balancing module 422 routes the traffic tobe distributed to the selected channels/bands.

FIG. 12B is a flow diagram illustrating an example process ofdetermining whether to move to another channel or band, once channelsand bands have been assigned to traffic by a simultaneous client. Atblock 1205, the load balancing module 422 transmits traffic over theselected channels/bands and monitors the selected channels/bands.

Then at decision block 1210, the load balancing module 422 determineswhether there is a problem with the selected channels/bands. Forexample, the wireless module may have a failure that prevents it fromtransmitting and/or receiving packets. If there is a problem (block1210—Yes), the load balancing module 422 moves the traffic to the nextbest channel/band.

If there are no problems (block 1210—No), at decision block 1215, theload balancing module 422 determines whether the level of interferenceon the current channel is beyond a threshold. If the level ofinterference is not beyond the threshold (block 1215—No), the processreturns to decision block 1210.

If the level of interference is beyond the threshold (block 1215—Yes),at decision block 1220, the load balancing module 422 determines whetherthere is a channel available with a minimum margin of improvement. Ifthere is a channel available (block 1220—Yes), at block 1215, the loadbalancing module 422 moves the traffic to the next best channel with theminimum margin of improvement.

If there is no channel available with the minimum margin of improvement(block 1220—No), at decision block 1225, the load balancing module 422determines whether there is a better rate versus range using anotherchannel. If there is a better rate versus range (block 1225—Yes), atblock 1215, the load balancing module 422 moves the traffic to thechannel that provides the better rate versus range.

If there are no channels that provide a better rate versus range (block1225—No), the process returns to decision block 1210.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include the layer 2aggregation/control module 426 that manages functions for the multipleradios in layer 2, such as association, rate control, keeping track ofactive links, etc. The layer 2 aggregation/control module 426 canperform layer 2 aggregation as well. Packet ordering may be done inlayer 2, the TCP layer, or the application layer, and portions of layer2 can perform part of or all of the process of ordering packets.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include thereconfiguration module 416 that reconfigures one or more reconfigurablewireless WLAN modules to operate in a specific band and/or at a specificchannel of the band.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include the hardwarecontrol module 418 that controls hardware switches that redirect signalsto or from antennas, for example, as shown in FIG. 6B and discussed inmore detail below.

Alternatively or additionally, the hardware control module 418 cancontrol a hardware switch for directing where a signal that may be usedby a cellular radio and/or a simultaneous client, as shown in theexample of FIG. 7B and discussed in more detail below.

Some embodiments of the functional processor 405 include the powercontrol module 410. There is a standard, IEEE 802.11ah, that is beingdeveloped for low power sensors that uses the sub-1 GHz ISM bands. Lowpower sensors typically do not need very much bandwidth to transmitdata, but they run on batteries and need to conserve power. The IEEE802.11ah standard is intended to save sensor power rather than providehigh performance with high throughput of data, as compared to the IEEE802.11ac standard defined for the 5 GHz band. Further, because the sub-1GHz (e.g., 900 MHz) band does not have as much bandwidth as the 2.4 GHzand 5 GHz bands, if a simultaneous client is not transmitting much data,the power control module 410 can direct the data to be transmitted bythe WLAN module operating over the sub-1 GHz band using the IEEE802.11ah protocol to save more power, and when a lot of traffic needs tobe sent, it can direct the data to be sent over either the 2.4 GHz or 5GHz band. The power control module 410 can also use the sub-1 GHz bandwith the IEEE 802.11ah protocol for control data and the 2.4 GHz or 5GHz band for transmitting the data itself.

In some embodiments, one or more bands (e.g., sub-1 GHz or 2.4 Hz) maybe used as the control channel while one or more bands may be used asthe data channel (e.g., 5 GHz or 60 GHz). The channels or bands withless power consumption may be more suitable for control packets.

FIG. 9A is a flow diagram illustrating a first example process ofdetermining which operating band to use based upon power savingrequirements. At decision block 905, the power control module 410determines whether the rate of data transmission is greater than apredetermined threshold rate. If the transmission rate is high (block905—Yes), at block 910, the power control module 410 directs the data tobe sent over a band other than the sub-1 GHz band. Optionally, the powercontrol module 410 can transmit control data over the sub-1 GHz band.For example, for a monitoring camera for the home, the control packetsmay be used to initiate video streaming from the camera, while the videostream can be treated as data. Other sensors which capture data from anenvironment may have control packets that specify, for example, where tocapture data or perform a measurement. On a video conference call,control packets can include packets that start a call or update thelocation of a user, while the actual video conference streaming may betreated as data. The process then returns to decision block 905.

If the transmission rate is not high (block 905—No), at block 915, thepower control module 410 directs the data to be sent over the sub-1 GHz(e.g., 900 MHz) band using the IEEE 802.11ah protocol. Then the processreturns to decision block 905.

FIG. 9B a flow diagram illustrating a second example process ofdetermining which operating band to use based upon power savingrequirements. At decision block 950, the power control module 410determines whether traffic can benefit from low power support. Forexample, a cell phone may be placed on a channel that has low powersupport to save battery power, while traffic from a personal computerthat is plugged into a wall outlet may not need low power support.

If low power support is needed (block 950—Yes), at block 955, the powercontrol module transmits the traffic over a wireless band, such as thesub-1 GHz band which support use of a power saving protocol, forexample, IEEE 802.11ah. If low power support is not needed (block950—No), at block 960, the power control module transmits the trafficover a different wireless band that does not necessarily use a powersaving protocol.

Implementation Models for Layer 2 of the OSI

When the above modules of the functional simultaneous client processorare properly implemented, the conventional IP layer, or layer 3 of theOSI, does not need to be aware of the multiple simultaneous connectionsthat take place in the layer below, i.e., layer 2. There are severaldifferent implementation models that can act as an intermediate layerbetween layer 2 and layer 3. The intermediate layer passes receivedpackets in the correct order up to TCP/IP of layer 3, and packetsreceived from TCP/IP are sent on the appropriate bands selected by theintermediate layer to optimize traffic requirements. Any type of stacksmay be used on top of the intermediate layer, such as TCP/IP and UDP(user datagram protocol)/IP. In some embodiments, some or all of thefunctions of the functional simultaneous client processor can beimplemented by modifying the functions performed at layer 3.

FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of a first example implementation modelfor a simultaneous client software/hardware module 530 that sits on topof a conventional IEEE 802.11 MAC (media access control) layer andmanages the simultaneous connections of WLAN modules. In the exampleimplementation shown in FIG. 5A, three standard WLAN core or chipsetsperform the communication functions of the MAC and physical (PHY) layersof the OSI, one core/chipset for each of the WLAN modules operating atbands A, B, and C. While three modules for three bands are shown as anexample, the implementation model can be adapted for use with any numberof modules for two or more bands.

The WLAN module that operates over band A includes software/hardwaremodule 501 that performs the PHY layer functions, software/hardwaremodule 511 that performs the lower MAC layer functions, andsoftware/hardware module 521 that performs the upper MAC layerfunctions, such as packet ordering, load balancing, etc. The WLAN modulethat operates over band B includes software/hardware module 502 thatperforms the PHY layer functions, software/hardware module 512 thatperforms the lower MAC layer functions, and software/hardware module 522that performs the upper MAC layer functions. The WLAN module thatoperates over band C includes software/hardware module 503 that performsthe PHY layer functions, software/hardware module 513 that performs thelower MAC layer functions, and software/hardware module 523 thatperforms the upper MAC layer functions. Thus, each core or chipsetimplements three layers of software/hardware that perform thecommunication functions of the PHY layer, the lower MAC layer, and theupper MAC layer.

In this implementation, no changes are made to the functions performedby the PHY layer software/hardware modules 501, 502, 503; the lower MAClayer software/hardware modules 511, 512, 513; or the upper MAC layersoftware/hardware modules 521, 522, 523. A software/hardware module 530is added on top of the upper MAC layer that uses an applicationprogramming interface (API) to retrieve information from the upper MAClayer modules 521, 522, 523 and to write information back to the upperMAC layer modules 521, 522, 523. Because no changes are made to theexisting software/hardware modules 501, 502, 503, 511, 512, 513, 521,522, 523 of the cores/chipsets, there is less control over these modulesthan with other implementation models described below.

FIG. 5B shows a block diagram of another example implementation modelwhere the communication functions of the upper MAC layer of three bandsare merged and performed by the simultaneous client software/hardwaremodule 531 that sits on top of the lower MAC layer and manages thesimultaneous connections of the three WLAN modules. While three modulesfor three bands are shown as an example, the implementation model can beadapted for use with any number of modules for two or more bands. Thefunctions of the lower MAC layer and the PHY layer are still performedby the chipsets, and the software/hardware module 531 uses an API toretrieve information from and write information to the lower MAC layermodules 511, 512, 513. As an example, in this implementation, if theupper MAC layer is performed by the host processor, the upper MAC layercan be modified to perform packet ordering, load balancing, and theother functions described above.

To implement the model shown in the example of FIG. 5B, if standardchipsets are used, only the functions performed by software in the upperMAC layer can be merged into the module 531, while hardware in thechipsets still perform their upper MAC layer functions. However, customhardware/chipsets can be designed such that the hardware/chipsets onlyperform the functions of the lower MAC and PHY layers, while the upperMAC layer functions performed by the hardware and software ofconventional chipsets are merged into module 531.

FIG. 5C shows a block diagram of another example implementation modelwhere the communication functions of the upper MAC layer and the lowerMAC layer of the three bands are merged and performed by thesimultaneous client software module/hardware 532 that sits on top of thePHY layer and manages the simultaneous connections of three WLANmodules. While three modules for three bands are shown as an example,the implementation model can be adapted for use with any number ofmodules for two or more bands. The functions of the PHY layer are stillperformed by the chipsets, and the software/hardware module 532 uses anAPI to retrieve information from and write information to the PHY layermodules 501, 502, 503.

To implement the model shown in the example of FIG. 5C, if standardchipsets are used, only the functions performed by software in the upperMAC layer and lower MAC layer can be merged into the module 532, whilehardware in the chipsets still perform their upper MAC layer and lowerMAC layer functions. However, custom chipsets can be designed such thatthe chipsets only perform the functions of the PHY layer, while theupper MAC layer and lower MAC layer functions performed by the hardwareand software of conventional chipsets or cores are merged into module532.

FIG. 5D shows a block diagram of another example implementation modelwhere the communication functions of the upper MAC layer, the lower MAClayer, and the PHY layer of all of the bands are merged and performed bythe simultaneous client software/hardware module 533 that manages thesimultaneous connections of the three WLAN modules. In some embodiments,as part of the PHY layer communication functions performed by thesimultaneous client software/hardware module 533, a data payload istransmitted over at least two wireless channels to provide robustnessagainst channel variation, interference, and other factors. In someembodiments, the simultaneous client software/hardware module 533 can beconfigured to perform channel coding on transmitted symbols of a samepacket that is sent over at least two wireless channels. Then a receivercan use a channel decoder on the received packets to combine theinformation received over the multiple wireless channels. In someembodiments, the simultaneous client software/hardware module 533 can beconfigured to send multiple copies of a packet over two or more channelsor bands. For example, a first copy of a packet can be sent over a firstchannel, and a second copy of the same packet can be sent redundantlyover a second channel.

While three modules for three bands are shown as an example, theimplementation model can be adapted for use with any number of modulesfor two or more bands. All these functionalities may be combined intoone chipset or the functionalities could be distributed among more thanone chipset.

In some embodiments, each of the above described modules 530, 531, 532,533 can be performed by a specially designed chipset.

Hardware—Front End

FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of an example front end 610 for asimultaneous client that operates simultaneously over three differentbands using a sub-1 GHz (e.g., 900 MHz) module 612, a 2.4 GHz module614, and a 5 GHz module 616. While three operating bands are shown inthe example of FIG. 6A, the simultaneous client can operate using anynumber of bands, and the bands can include any of the bands that areshown in the example of FIG. 6A, and/or any other bands. In the exampleof FIG. 6A, the front end 610 is active in more than one band at a time,and can, in some cases, even be active in more than one channel at atime in a band. In some embodiments, a separate front end can be usedfor each band, and even each channel. However, more components areneeded for separate front ends, and as a result, the size of the designis larger and more expensive.

The host processor (not shown) in the host platform 625 communicateswith the processor 620 in the simultaneous client 610. In the example ofFIG. 6A, the simultaneous client 610 is external to the host platform625, but the simultaneous client 610 can also be implemented internallyto the host platform 625. Each of the three WLAN modules 612, 614, 616provide an input into a triplexer 618 that multiplexes the inputs, andthe output of the triplexer 618 is sent to the antenna 630 fortransmission to the access point 640.

Hardware—Antennas

The antenna 630 used in a simultaneous client 610 can include one ormany antennas. To reduce the total number of antennas needed for asimultaneous client, and thus, to reduce the form factor of thesimultaneous client, multiband antennas that are resonant at more thanone band can be used.

For personal computers, laptops, tablets, and cell phones, examples oftypes of multiband antennas that can be used include PIFA antennas(planar inverted-F antennas), meander line monopole antennas, chipantennas, and patch antennas. The advantages of a PIFA antenna are asmall size, an omni-directional radiation pattern, low cost, and highefficiency. With a meander line monopole antenna, a small form factor isan advantage. These types of antennas are presently used in personalcomputers as dual band antennas that can transmit at either 2.4 GHz or 5GHz. Dual band antennas have a single feed and components that areresonant at each of the selected bands. Thus, they can transmit at bothbands simultaneously. These antennas can be designed to have componentsthat resonate at more than two bands simultaneously as well.

Ultra wideband (UWB) antennas are antennas that resonate over a range offrequencies, although the radiation pattern created by a UWB antennachanges as a function of frequency. UWB antennas have a large size sothey are mostly useful for outdoor applications for simultaneousclients. Examples of UWB antennas include bowtie antennas, hornantennas, Vivaldi antennas, and spiral antennas. Bowtie antennas have asimple structure and so are easy to manufacture, and have anomni-directional radiation pattern which is useful for multi-pointconnections. While horn antennas may be more expensive and moredifficult to manufacture, horn antennas are directional so they can beuseful for point-to-point applications. Vivaldi antennas also have asimple structure, similar to bowtie antennas, however, Vivaldi antennasare directional, and thus useful for point-to-point applications. Spiralantennas are large, have circular polarization, have high gain, and aredirectional in opposing directions.

Conventional cell phones that operate over multiple cellular bands canuse an active matching antenna that is adjustable to be resonant at aparticular frequency and has a small form factor. As a cell phone isonly used on a single cellular band at a time, an active matchingantenna is a good choice for cell phones. However, the widely usedactive matching antennas may only be useful for single band usage, notsimultaneous multiple band usage. A block diagram of the antennas of acell phone is shown in FIG. 7A, where both a WiFi or WLAN antenna 710and a 2G/3G/LTE antenna 720 are used in a cell phone, but notsimultaneously. The WLAN antenna operates at either the 2.4 GHz band orthe 5 GHz, and the 2G/3G/LTE antenna operates at the 900 MHz band.

Because a simultaneous client necessarily operates at two or more bandssimultaneously, the active matching antenna on its own will not besufficient for a simultaneous client. However, as shown in the exampleblock diagram of FIG. 7B, an active matching antenna can be multiplexedwith a multiband antenna, such as a chip antenna or meander lineantenna, to provide the functionality needed for a simultaneous client.In some embodiments, the simultaneous client can operate simultaneouslyin three bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and sub-1 GHz. Current multiband chipantennas 710 are available that resonate at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, eventhough the chip antennas are not currently used to resonate at thesebands simultaneously. Additionally, a cellular antenna 720 can be usedfor the sub-1 GHz (e.g. 900 MHz) band. The outputs of the multibandantenna 710 and the cellular antenna 720 can be multiplexed together bya multiplexer 715, resulting in operation as a tri-band module for thesimultaneous or concurrent client 715.

The cellular antenna 720 can play a dual role. In the first role, thecellular antenna 720 can be used as an antenna just for a cellular radio730. In this role, the switch/splitter 722 is adjusted to connect thecellular antenna 720 to the cellular radio 730. A switch can be used ifthe cellular radio and the concurrent client do not operate at the sametime. Alternatively, in the second role, the cellular antenna 720 sendsa signal to both the cellular radio 730 and the simultaneous client 705.The switch/splitter 722 is used as a splitter can be used to divide thesignal from the cellular antenna 720 and sends part of the signal toboth the cellular radio 730 and the simultaneous client 705. The portionof the signal intended for the simultaneous client 705 is first coupledto an active matching circuit 724 that tunes the resonant frequency ofthe cellular antenna 720 to the appropriate channel frequency in thesub-1 GHz (e.g., 900 MHz) band for use with the simultaneous client 705.In this way, the frequency at which the simultaneous client 705 operatescan be different from the frequency at which the cellular phoneoperates. When the output of the actively matched antenna is multiplexedwith the output of the dual band WLAN antenna 710, a tri-band antenna isavailable for use with the simultaneous client 705. While the threespecific bands 5 GHz, 2.4 GHz and sub-1 GHz (e.g., 900 MHz) weredescribed with respect to FIG. 7B because components operating in thesebands are readily available, any other bands can be used with themultiplexing technique.

As an alternative to the multiband antenna solutions discussed above,one or more single band antennas can be used for each band for asimultaneous client. This solution may be preferable because themultiband antennas' radiation pattern changes as a function offrequency, and using single band antennas will provide a betterradiation pattern with more consistency across the bands. However, usingsingle band antennas optimized for each band takes up more space and maybe more expensive, although this solution may be feasible for largeclients.

Hardware—Amplifiers

FIG. 6B shows a block diagram of an example implementation of asimultaneous client having three WLAN chipsets, where each chipsetperforms the functions of a WLAN module, as described above. Each of theWLAN chipsets 612, 614, 616 operates in a different band and cantransmit packets and receive packets. On the transmission side for eachband, there is a power amplifier (PA) that amplifies the signal to betransmitted, and on the receiving side, there is a bandpass filter and alow noise amplifier (LNA) that amplifies the received signal beforesending it to the appropriate chipset.

In some embodiments, a wideband amplifier can be used to amplify two ormore channels in the same band, or even two or more channels in multiplebands. The wideband amplifier can be used to replace two or more poweramplifiers and/or two or more low noise amplifiers.

Hardware—Frequency Filters

One or more frequency filters may need to be used in a simultaneousclient to prevent interference between modules operating in the sameband and between modules operating in different bands.

Interference may arise between modules operating in different bands if aharmonic of the frequencies in one band are close to the frequencies ina second band. For example, if the simultaneous client operates in the2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band simultaneously, the second harmonic oftransmissions in the 2.4 GHz band are at 4.8 GHz, which is very close tothe 5 GHz band. Thus, the transmissions at the 2.4 GHz band should befiltered to prevent the transmissions from saturating the receiver atthe 5 GHz band. Additionally, transmissions at the 5 GHz band may haveunwanted noise or scattering that generates interference in the 2.4 GHzband. Consequently, transmissions at the 5 GHz band should be filteredto protect communications at the 2.4 GHz band.

For a band that has a fairly large bandwidth, such as the 5 GHz band,modules can operate at multiple frequencies within the band if thefrequencies are sufficiently far apart. For example, if the bandwidth ofeach frequency is 80 MHz, a first 80 MHz channel can be used in the lowfrequency range of 5 GHz and a second 80 MHz channel can be used in thehigh frequency range of 5 GHz. By using filtering between these twofrequency bands, communications at the different channels can operatewithout influencing each other. While a similar technique can be usedwith a band that is relatively narrow, such as the 2.4 GHz band, thefilter requirements needed to prevent interference between frequenciesused in the 2.4 GHz band are more stringent, and thus more expensive.

Frequency filters that can be used to prevent interference betweenmodules operating in different bands or even between modules operatingin the same band can use one or more bandpass filters, low pass filters,and high pass filters. Examples of types of filters that can be usedinclude, but are not limited to, micro strip filters, ceramic filters,low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) filters, surface acoustic wave(SAW) filters, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filters, film bulk acousticresonator (FBAR) filters, cavity filters, and waveguide filters.

Methods and systems for simultaneously using multiple WLAN modulesoperating in different channels and/or bands have been described. Asused herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereofmeans any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between twoor more elements. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill inthe art that the concepts and techniques described herein can beembodied in various specific forms without departing from the essentialcharacteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments areconsidered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. Thescope of the embodiments indicated by the appended claims, rather thanthe foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaningand range of equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced.

What is claimed is:
 1. A simultaneous client wireless device comprising:a first wireless module configured to perform communication functions ofa PHY (physical) layer for a first wireless radio operable in a firstwireless band; a second wireless module configured to performcommunication functions of a PHY layer for a second wireless radiooperable in a second wireless band; and a communication moduleconfigured as an intermediate layer between the PHY layer of the firstwireless module and a network layer, and between the PHY layer of thesecond wireless module and the network layer, the communication moduleconfigured to: use an application programming interface to retrieveinformation from the PHY layer and write information to the PHY layer ofthe first wireless module and retrieve information from the PHY layerand write information to the PHY layer of the second wireless module,perform communication functions of an upper MAC (media access control)layer and a lower MAC layer for the first wireless band and an upper MAClayer and a lower MAC layer for the second wireless band, and managesimultaneous communications over the first wireless band and the secondwireless band, wherein the communications over the first wireless bandand the second wireless band use a local area network protocol.
 2. Thesimultaneous client wireless device of claim 1, wherein the firstwireless module is a chipset, and the second wireless module is achipset.
 3. The simultaneous client wireless device of claim 1, whereinthe communication module is configured to receive packets for processingfrom the network layer.
 4. The simultaneous client wireless device ofclaim 1, wherein the communication module is configured to order packetsreceived over the first wireless band and the second wireless band andcommunicate the ordered packets to the network layer.
 5. Thesimultaneous client wireless device of claim 1, wherein thecommunication module is configured to perform layer two aggregation ofpackets received over the first wireless band and the second wirelessband, and communicate the aggregated packets to the network layer. 6.The simultaneous client wireless device of claim 1, wherein thecommunication module is configured to perform MAC layer functionsincluding ordering packets and load balancing packets.
 7. Thesimultaneous client wireless device of claim 1, further comprising: athird wireless module configured to perform communication functions of aPHY layer for a third wireless radio operable in a third wireless band,wherein the communication module is configured as an intermediate layerbetween the PHY layer of the third wireless module and the network layerto: use the application programming interface to retrieve informationfrom the PHY layer and write information to the PHY layer of the thirdwireless module, and manage simultaneous communications over the thirdwireless band in addition to the first wireless band and the secondwireless band.
 8. A simultaneous client wireless device comprising: acommunication module configured as an intermediate layer between a PHYlayer of a first wireless module and a network layer, and between a PHYlayer of a second wireless module and the network layer, thecommunication module configured to: use an application programminginterface to retrieve information from the PHY layer and writeinformation to the PHY layer of the first wireless module and retrieveinformation from the PHY layer and write information to the PHY layer ofthe second wireless module, perform communication functions of an upperMAC (media access control) layer and a lower MAC layer for the firstwireless band and an upper MAC layer and a lower MAC layer for thesecond wireless band, and manage simultaneous communications over thefirst wireless band and the second wireless band, wherein thecommunications over the first wireless band and the second wireless banduse a local area network protocol.
 9. The simultaneous client wirelessdevice of claim 8, wherein the first wireless module is a chipset, andthe second wireless module is a chipset.
 10. The simultaneous clientwireless device of claim 8, wherein the communication module isconfigured to receive packets for processing from the network layer. 11.The simultaneous client wireless device of claim 8, wherein thecommunication module is configured to order packets received over thefirst wireless band and the second wireless band and communicate theordered packets to the network layer.
 12. The simultaneous clientwireless device of claim 8, wherein the communication module isconfigured to perform layer two aggregation of packets received over thefirst wireless band and the second wireless band, and communicate theaggregated packets to the network layer.
 13. The simultaneous clientwireless device of claim 8, wherein the communication module isconfigured to perform MAC layer functions including ordering packets andload balancing packets.
 14. The simultaneous client wireless device ofclaim 8, wherein the communication module is configured as anintermediate layer between a PHY layer of the third wireless module andthe network layer to: use the application programming interface toretrieve information from the PHY layer and write information to the PHYlayer of the third wireless module, and manage simultaneouscommunications over the third wireless band in addition to the firstwireless band and the second wireless band.
 15. A simultaneous clientwireless device comprising: a plurality of wireless module, eachwireless module configured to perform communication functions of a PHY(physical) layer for a respective wireless radio operable in arespective wireless band; and a communication module configured as anintermediate layer between the PHY layer of each wireless module and anetwork layer, the communication module configured to: use anapplication programming interface to retrieve information from the PHYlayer and write information to the PHY layer of each wireless module,perform communication functions of an upper MAC (media access control)layer and a lower MAC layer for each wireless band, and managesimultaneous communications over each wireless band, wherein thecommunications over the first wireless band and the second wireless banduse a local area network protocol.
 16. The simultaneous client wirelessdevice of claim 15, wherein the first wireless module is a chipset, andthe second wireless module is a chipset.
 17. The simultaneous clientwireless device of claim 15, wherein the communication module isconfigured to receive packets for processing from the network layer. 18.The simultaneous client wireless device of claim 15, wherein thecommunication module is configured to order packets received over thefirst wireless band and the second wireless band and communicate theordered packets to the network layer.
 19. The simultaneous clientwireless device of claim 15, wherein the communication module isconfigured to perform layer two aggregation of packets received over thefirst wireless band and the second wireless band, and communicate theaggregated packets to the network layer.
 20. The simultaneous clientwireless device of claim 15, wherein the communication module isconfigured to perform MAC layer functions including ordering packets andload balancing packets.